This question evaluates a candidate's understanding of conditional probability, zero-truncated binomial distributions, and the calculation of conditional expectation and variance in finite-sample random assignment settings.

Assume N ≥ 1 and K ≥ 1 (otherwise P(K1 > 0) = 0 when K = 0).
(a) Derive E[K1 | K1 > 0] in closed form as a function of N and K.
(b) Derive Var(K1 | K1 > 0].
(c) Briefly explain the approach (e.g., via Bayes’ rule or conditioning identities).
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