Explain HashMap internals and collisions

Q: Explain HashMap internals and collisions

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Question

In Java, describe the underlying data structures used by HashMap (e.g., array of buckets, linked lists vs tree bins) and how they evolved across Java versions. Besides separate chaining, what alternative collision-resolution strategies (e.g., linear/quadratic probing, double hashing, cuckoo hashing, Robin Hood hashing) could be used, and what are their trade-offs in time/space and cache behavior?

Explain HashMap internals and collisions

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