Design a CI/CD pipeline with scheduler

Q: Design a CI/CD pipeline with scheduler

This is a System Design interview question from OpenAI for Software Engineer roles. View the full question and solution on PracHub.

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Question

System Design: Production‑Grade CI/CD for a Large Microservices Monorepo

Context

You’re designing a scalable, secure CI/CD platform for a large monorepo containing many microservices. The platform must serve multiple teams (multi‑tenant), handle high throughput, and provide strong isolation and fairness.

Requirements

Design a CI/CD pipeline and the orchestration scheduler covering:

Source Control Triggers
Build and Artifact Management
Tests: Unit, Integration, and End‑to‑End (E2E)
Security Scanning (SAST/SCA/Secrets/IaC/Container)
Deployment Strategies (Canary, Blue‑Green)
Rollback Strategies
Observability (metrics, logs, traces, audit)
Job Scheduler and Orchestrator
- DAG modeling of dependencies
- Concurrency limits, priorities
- Retries with exponential backoff
- Caching
- Rate limiting
- Data stores, queues, coordination mechanisms
- APIs and schemas for pipelines, jobs, and logs
Scalability, multi‑tenant isolation and fairness
Handling flaky/nondeterministic tests
Failure scenarios and mitigations

Design a CI/CD pipeline with scheduler

System Design: Production‑Grade CI/CD for a Large Microservices Monorepo

Context

Requirements

Solution

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