Explain modeling challenges and fixes

Q: Explain modeling challenges and fixes

This is a Machine Learning interview question from Google for Machine Learning Engineer roles. View the full question and solution on PracHub.

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Question

Model Development Challenges: Detection, Alternatives, Solution, Evidence

Context: In a technical screen for a Machine Learning Engineer, you are asked to demonstrate end-to-end ownership of a production ML problem by walking through key challenges and how you resolved them.

Prompt: Describe 1–2 of the most significant challenges you faced while developing and deploying an ML model. For each challenge, cover:

Detection: How you discovered or measured the issue.
Alternatives: What approaches you evaluated and their trade-offs.
Solution: The approach you implemented and why.
Evidence: Before/after metrics demonstrating impact (e.g., PR AUC, calibration error, recall@precision, latency p99, QPS, cost savings).

Common challenge categories include:

Data quality (missingness, schema drift), data leakage
Class imbalance, overfitting/underfitting
Non-stationarity (covariate/label shift), limited labels
Serving constraints (latency/throughput/memory), reliability/monitoring

Explain modeling challenges and fixes

Model Development Challenges: Detection, Alternatives, Solution, Evidence

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