Identify and handle race conditions

Q: Identify and handle race conditions

This is a System Design interview question from Databricks for Software Engineer roles. View the full question and solution on PracHub.

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Question

Concurrency in an In-Memory Key-Value Store and Hit Counter

Context and Assumptions

Assume you are implementing an in-memory key-value store and a hit counter within a single process, shared by multiple threads:

KeyValueStore supports: get(k), put(k, v), delete(k), and optionally compareAndSet(k, expected, new).
HitCounter supports: increment([key]), getCount([key]) — either a single global counter or per-key counters.
Data structure backing the store is a hash map with buckets and possible resizing.
High read-to-write ratio is common, but hot keys and heavy write bursts can occur.

Tasks

Identify the race conditions that can occur under concurrent access.
Propose thread-safety mechanisms (coarse-/fine-grained locks, read/write locks, atomic operations, lock-free designs) and explain their correctness.
Discuss performance trade-offs of the chosen mechanisms.
Outline how to test and validate concurrency behavior.

Identify and handle race conditions

Concurrency in an In-Memory Key-Value Store and Hit Counter

Context and Assumptions

Tasks

Solution (Locked)

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