Design an LLM quality validation system

You are asked to design an end-to-end LLM quality validation system for a team that trains and serves large language models. The goal is to automatically and systematically evaluate correctness, safety, and regression risk for new model versions and for production responses.

Design this system, covering:

1. Validation scopes and levels
   • What should be validated at different abstraction levels, such as:
     • Internal numeric structures (e.g., tensors, logits)
     • Intermediate representations (e.g., tokens)
     • Model outputs / responses
   • How would you organize checks layer-by-layer or component-by-component?
2. Evaluation methods
   Discuss multiple complementary evaluation approaches, for example:
   • Automatic metrics based on model internals (e.g., loss, perplexity, calibration measures).
   • Reference-based metrics (e.g., similarity to ground-truth answers or expected behavior).
   • LLM-as-a-judge approaches (where another LLM evaluates responses).
   • Human annotation / human-in-the-loop review.
   • Safety and policy checks.
3. End-to-end system architecture
   Design the pipeline for how validation runs are triggered, executed, and stored. For example, consider a scenario like this:
   • A user (or CI/CD system) submits an asynchronous validation request specifying: model version, test datasets / prompts, and evaluation configuration.
   • The system provisions compute (e.g., launches EC2 instances or containers), starts inference servers (e.g., Triton, vLLM), and runs batched inference on the specified prompts.
   • The responses, together with metadata (model version, prompts, settings, timestamps), are stored in durable storage (e.g., an object store like S3).
   • Downstream workers read these results and apply the evaluation methods from step 2.
   • Aggregated metrics, per-example scores, and visualizations are made available in dashboards or reports.
4. Scalability, reliability, and usability
   • How will the system scale to large test suites and many concurrent validation runs?
   • How will you ensure reproducibility (e.g., fixed seeds, frozen datasets, model versioning)?
   • How will you handle failures and partial results?
   • What APIs or interfaces would you expose for ML engineers and product teams?

Outline your design with clear components, data flows, and trade-offs, and call out important assumptions. Assume the underlying cloud primitives (compute instances, object storage, queues) are available.