Explain C printf pointers and memory layout

You are given the following C code:

const char *c = "12345";

Answer the following (assume typical modern 64-bit Linux/macOS with GCC/Clang, unless a behavior is undefined/implementation-defined):

1. What does each of the following intend to print, and what actually happens?
   • printf("%s", c);
   • printf("%d", c);
   • printf("%c", c);
   • printf("%c", *c);
   • printf("%c", *(c+1));
   • What is the correct way to print the address stored in c ?
2. Explain how you would use gdb / lldb to inspect:
   • the value of c (as an address)
   • the bytes at that address
   • the string starting at that address
3. Memory and allocation fundamentals:
   • Compare malloc/free vs new/delete in C/C++ (initialization, constructors/destructors, type safety, failure behavior, arrays, etc.).
   • Describe what typically lives in the stack , heap , data/BSS , and text (code) segments. Where does a string literal like "12345" typically reside?