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This question is commonly asked for Software Engineer candidates at Google during technical interviews.

Count same-color squares in a character grid

Company: Google

Role: Software Engineer

Category: Coding & Algorithms

Difficulty: hard

Interview Round: Technical Screen

You are given a 2D grid (matrix) of characters. Each character represents a color: cells with the same character are considered the same color. Formally: - The grid has `m` rows and `n` columns. - `grid[i][j]` is an alphabetic character (e.g., `'a'`–`'z'` or `'A'`–`'Z'`). A **square** in this grid is defined as a contiguous `k × k` submatrix aligned with the grid axes, for some integer `k ≥ 1`. A square is **monochromatic** if **all** of its cells contain the **same** character (i.e., the same color). Task: - Count and return the total number of monochromatic squares in the grid. - Count all sizes of squares (1×1, 2×2, ..., up to the largest possible that fits in the grid). Example (just for clarity, not necessarily exhaustive): If the grid is: ``` a a b a a b b b b ``` Then some monochromatic squares include: - All 1×1 cells (each single cell is a monochromatic square). - The 2×2 square in the top-left corner formed by `'a'`. Your function should return the total count of such monochromatic squares for a given input grid.

Quick Answer: This question evaluates understanding of 2D array manipulation, spatial pattern detection, and algorithmic counting with attention to time and space complexity.

You are given a 2D grid of characters, where each character represents a color. A square is a contiguous k × k submatrix aligned with the grid axes, for some k >= 1. A square is monochromatic if all of its cells contain the same character. Return the total number of monochromatic squares of all possible sizes and positions in the grid. Every 1 × 1 cell is considered a monochromatic square.

Constraints

0 <= len(grid) <= 1000
If grid is non-empty, 0 <= len(grid[0]) <= 1000
All rows in grid have the same length
grid[i][j] is an alphabetic character
The total number of cells is at most 1,000,000

Examples

Input: ([])

Expected Output: 0

Explanation: An empty grid contains no squares.

Input: (["aab", "aab", "bbb"])

Expected Output: 10

Explanation: There are 9 single-cell squares and one 2x2 monochromatic square of 'a' in the top-left corner.

Input: (["xxx", "xxx"])

Expected Output: 8

Explanation: There are 6 single-cell squares and 2 monochromatic 2x2 squares.

Input: (["ab", "ba"])

Expected Output: 4

Explanation: Only the four 1x1 squares are monochromatic; the 2x2 square contains different characters.

Input: (["aaaa"])

Expected Output: 4

Explanation: A single-row grid can only contain 1x1 squares, so all four cells count.

Input: (["AAA", "AAA", "AAA"])

Expected Output: 14

Explanation: All cells have the same color: 9 squares of size 1x1, 4 of size 2x2, and 1 of size 3x3.

Input: (["bbbb", "bbbb", "bbba"])

Expected Output: 18

Explanation: There are 12 single-cell squares, 5 monochromatic 2x2 squares, and 1 monochromatic 3x3 square.

Hints

Try defining dp[i][j] as the side length of the largest monochromatic square whose bottom-right corner is cell (i, j).
A square larger than 1 can end at (i, j) only if the current cell matches its top, left, and top-left neighboring cells.

Quick Overview

This question evaluates understanding of 2D array manipulation, spatial pattern detection, and algorithmic counting with attention to time and space complexity.