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Determine order of alien alphabet

Last updated: Jun 9, 2026

Quick Overview

This question evaluates the ability to infer ordering constraints among characters, model dependencies from ordered examples, and reason about edge cases in lexicographic sequences. Commonly asked in Coding & Algorithms interviews, it assesses both practical algorithmic implementation and conceptual understanding within the domains of string processing and graph-based ordering problems.

  • hard
  • Citadel
  • Coding & Algorithms
  • Software Engineer

Determine order of alien alphabet

Company: Citadel

Role: Software Engineer

Category: Coding & Algorithms

Difficulty: hard

Interview Round: Technical Screen

You are given a list of words sorted in lexicographic order according to an unknown ("alien") alphabet. ### Task Return **one valid ordering of the unique characters** in this alien alphabet that is consistent with the given sorted word list. If **no valid ordering exists**, return an empty string. ### Details - The alien alphabet contains exactly the set of distinct characters that appear in the input words. - The input list `words` is already sorted according to the alien alphabet. - If multiple valid character orders exist, you may return any one of them. ### Input - `words`: an array of strings, length `n`. ### Output - A string containing all distinct characters exactly once in a valid order, or `""` if impossible. ### Constraints (typical interview bounds) - `1 <= n <= 10^4` - `1 <= len(words[i]) <= 100` - Characters are lowercase English letters (you can assume an upper bound of 26 unique characters). ### Notes / Edge cases - If `word1` is a strict prefix of `word2`, then `word1` must appear before `word2` in the sorted list (otherwise the ordering is invalid). ### Example Input: `words = ["wrt", "wrf", "er", "ett", "rftt"]` Possible output: `"wertf"`

Quick Answer: This question evaluates the ability to infer ordering constraints among characters, model dependencies from ordered examples, and reason about edge cases in lexicographic sequences. Commonly asked in Coding & Algorithms interviews, it assesses both practical algorithmic implementation and conceptual understanding within the domains of string processing and graph-based ordering problems.

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|Home/Coding & Algorithms/Citadel

Determine order of alien alphabet

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Citadel
Jan 6, 2026, 12:00 AM
hardSoftware EngineerTechnical ScreenCoding & Algorithms
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You are given a list of words sorted in lexicographic order according to an unknown ("alien") alphabet.

Task

Return one valid ordering of the unique characters in this alien alphabet that is consistent with the given sorted word list. If no valid ordering exists, return an empty string.

Details

  • The alien alphabet contains exactly the set of distinct characters that appear in the input words.
  • The input list words is already sorted according to the alien alphabet.
  • If multiple valid character orders exist, you may return any one of them.

Input

  • words : an array of strings, length n .

Output

  • A string containing all distinct characters exactly once in a valid order, or "" if impossible.

Constraints (typical interview bounds)

  • 1 <= n <= 10^4
  • 1 <= len(words[i]) <= 100
  • Characters are lowercase English letters (you can assume an upper bound of 26 unique characters).

Notes / Edge cases

  • If word1 is a strict prefix of word2 , then word1 must appear before word2 in the sorted list (otherwise the ordering is invalid).

Example

Input: words = ["wrt", "wrf", "er", "ett", "rftt"]

Possible output: "wertf"

Submit Your Answer to Earn 20XP

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