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Design a group chat system

Last updated: Apr 20, 2026

Quick Overview

This question evaluates competency in designing real-time distributed messaging systems, covering scalability, data modeling, API design, consistency models, ordering and fan-out strategies, fault tolerance, and operational monitoring.

  • hard
  • Airbnb
  • System Design
  • Software Engineer

Design a group chat system

Company: Airbnb

Role: Software Engineer

Category: System Design

Difficulty: hard

Interview Round: Onsite

Design a WhatsApp-like group chat system. Core features: - 1:1 and group conversations - Send/receive text messages (assume small payloads) - Group membership management (add/remove users) - Message history sync across devices Non-functional requirements: - High availability and low latency for sending/receiving - Support millions of users and large groups (up to, say, 10k members) - Reasonable consistency guarantees (define what is required) Discuss: - APIs - Data model/storage - Message fan-out strategy - Ordering guarantees - Offline delivery and retries - Read receipts/typing indicators (optional, but mention tradeoffs) - How you would scale and monitor the system.

Quick Answer: This question evaluates competency in designing real-time distributed messaging systems, covering scalability, data modeling, API design, consistency models, ordering and fan-out strategies, fault tolerance, and operational monitoring.

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Airbnb logo
Airbnb
Jan 19, 2026, 12:00 AM
Software Engineer
Onsite
System Design
10
0

Design a WhatsApp-like group chat system.

Core features:

  • 1:1 and group conversations
  • Send/receive text messages (assume small payloads)
  • Group membership management (add/remove users)
  • Message history sync across devices

Non-functional requirements:

  • High availability and low latency for sending/receiving
  • Support millions of users and large groups (up to, say, 10k members)
  • Reasonable consistency guarantees (define what is required)

Discuss:

  • APIs
  • Data model/storage
  • Message fan-out strategy
  • Ordering guarantees
  • Offline delivery and retries
  • Read receipts/typing indicators (optional, but mention tradeoffs)
  • How you would scale and monitor the system.

Solution

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