Design an extensible request Retryer

## Problem You are building a small library component called a **Retryer** that wraps an operation (typically a network call) and retries it on failure. ### Requirements 1. **Default behavior** - Provide a “default retryer” implementation that retries an operation when it fails. - The default should support common retry features: - Maximum attempts (or max retries) - Delay/backoff strategy (e.g., fixed, exponential) - Optional jitter - Stop conditions (e.g., do not retry on certain exception types / status codes) - Ability to honor a caller-provided cancellation/deadline (e.g., timeout) 2. **Extensibility** - The design must be **extensible** so that callers can plug in custom behavior without modifying the retryer’s core logic. Examples: - Custom backoff policy - Custom “should retry?” policy - Hooks/observers for logging/metrics - Handling server-provided retry hints (e.g., a `Retry-After` value) 3. **Usability** - The API should be easy to use for common cases, while still allowing advanced customization. ### What to deliver - Propose the public API (interfaces/classes) for the Retryer. - Explain how the default retryer works. - Explain how customizations are added (e.g., strategies, composition, configuration objects). - Call out key edge cases and pitfalls (e.g., thundering herd, non-idempotent operations, deadlines).