Software Engineering Fundamentals Interview Questions
Practice the exact questions companies are asking right now.
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Explain KV cache in Transformer inference
Question In Transformer-based language model inference, what is a key-value (KV) cache? Explain: - What gets cached (tensors, shapes at a high level) ...
Design a concurrent latency percentile tracker
Design a thread-safe LatencyTracker class that supports: 1. Recording samples - Input: timestamp (e.g., epoch millis) and latencyMs (integer millis...
How do you review a design document?
You have an interview on your agenda titled “Design Doc Review.” You are given a written design document for a new feature/service (or a major change ...
Explain multithreading vs multiprocessing
In the context of implementing a crawler, answer the following: 1. What is the difference between multithreading and multiprocessing? 2. How do these ...
Design an extensible expense rule evaluator
Scenario You are building a corporate employee expense card product. Admins define policies (“rules”) to prevent misuse and to flag policy violations....
Design demand-side ads relational tables
You are designing the core relational data model for a demand-side advertising system. Create a normalized schema (tables + key columns + relationship...
Simulate bus boarding with priority and wheelchairs
You are implementing a simplified bus boarding simulator. Model: - Person has at least: - id (string/int) - priority (boolean): if true, they shou...
Design a meeting scheduler API
Meeting Scheduler (OOD + data structures) Design and implement an in-memory meeting scheduler that stores existing bookings and can answer availabilit...
Design a task management system with TTL
Task Management System (in-memory) Design and implement an in-memory task management system that supports tasks, users, task assignment with TTL (time...
Design CSV upload endpoint with GPT classification
You are building a backend service that needs to process two CSV files and then call an external GPT-like API for classification. Requirements 1. HTTP...
Optimize least-k revenue queries for read/write load
Follow-up Scenario Now assume revenue is not provided as a flat list of events, but may be nested, for example: - Each customer has many orders, and e...
Design a multi-threaded synchronous log writer
Problem Design a log writer component that is called from multiple application threads and writes logs to a single file on disk. Requirements: - Calle...
Improve concurrency beyond a single lock
You are given a simple multi-threaded component that protects all shared state with a single mutual-exclusion lock (mutex). Scenario A service has man...
How to debug a Python loop-condition bug
You are given a Python script that appears to hang or produce incorrect results because of a bug in a loop condition (e.g., while/for termination logi...
Design follow/follower classes
Object-Oriented Design: Follow / Followers Relationship Design a small set of classes for a social product where users can follow and unfollow each ot...
Model particle hits on a screen
A point source at (0, 0) emits particles toward an infinite vertical screen located at x = 1. For each particle, sample an angle theta uniformly from ...
Analyze matrix multiplication complexity
You are asked in an ML coding interview: Given two dense matrices A and B, where A has shape (m, n) and B has shape (n, p), you compute C = A @ B (sta...
Optimize a dispatcher’s scheduling data structures
Algorithmic analysis / code review: Dispatcher for memory-constrained scheduling You are given a single-threaded in-memory dispatcher that reacts to t...
How to prepare for AI-assisted coding interviews?
Scenario You’re invited to an onsite interview labeled “AI Code Craft Challenge”. - You will receive starter code (an existing small codebase). - You ...
Design an ads retrieval service using a heap
Object-Oriented Design: Ads Retrieval (Priority-Based) Design a component that manages ads and supports retrieving the “best” ads based on a score. Re...