Estimate expected comparisons in a BST
Company: Optiver
Role: Software Engineer
Category: Coding & Algorithms
Difficulty: Medium
Interview Round: Take-home Project
In a particular binary search tree, finding node A takes 1 comparison and finding node D takes 3 comparisons. What is the expected number of comparisons to find a uniformly random node in this tree? State assumptions and justify your estimate.
Quick Answer: Estimate expected comparisons in a BST evaluates algorithm design, data structures, correctness, complexity, edge cases, and implementation details in a realistic interview setting. A strong answer states assumptions, handles edge cases, explains trade-offs, and shows how to validate the result clearly.
Solution
# Solution Alignment
The prompt asks for an implementation-level answer. The safest way to present it is to define the state, maintain clear invariants, then walk through complexity and tests.
## Problem Restatement
In a particular binary search tree, finding node A takes 1 comparison and finding node D takes 3 comparisons. What is the expected number of comparisons to find a uniformly random node in this tree? State assumptions and justify your estimate.
## Recommended Approach
Choose traversal based on the required view or aggregate. DFS is natural for subtree computations and reconstruction; BFS is natural for level order or side views. Keep per-depth or per-position state when the output depends on columns, rows, or depths.
## Correctness
The implementation should maintain an invariant after each loop or operation that directly matches the problem statement. At termination, that invariant implies the returned value has considered every valid candidate exactly once, or has preserved the required data-structure state after every API call.
## Complexity
Most tree traversals are O(n) time and O(h) recursion stack for DFS or O(w) queue space for BFS, where h is height and w is maximum width.
## Edge Cases and Tests
Empty tree, one node, skewed tree, duplicate values when reconstruction assumes uniqueness, deep recursion, and tie-breaking for same row/column nodes.