Measure Bird Species Segregation

You are analyzing bird observations from a forest and want to determine whether different bird species are spatially segregated rather than randomly mixed. Assume you have an observation dataset with the following fields: - `bird_id`: unique observed bird identifier - `species`: species label - `x_m`, `y_m`: location coordinates in meters within the forest - `timestamp`: observation time - `plot_id`: survey plot or transect identifier - `observer_id`: person who collected the observation - `effort_minutes`: survey effort for that plot or transect - Optional habitat covariates: `habitat_type`, `canopy_density`, `elevation`, `distance_to_water` How would you measure whether species are spatially segregated? Describe at least one metric, the null hypothesis, how you would test statistical significance, and how you would handle practical issues such as uneven species abundance, habitat differences, spatial scale, sampling bias, and rare species.