Machine Learning Engineer ML System Design Interview Questions
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Design a RAG system with evaluation
Scenario You are asked to design a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system that answers user questions using a private corpus (e.g., internal docs...
Design a fraud detection system
Scenario You are designing an end-to-end fraud detection system for an online platform (e.g., e-commerce marketplace, payments, account signup, or ad ...
How would you build an image classifier with dirty data?
Scenario You are asked to build an image classification model (single-label, multi-class) for a product team. The image dataset is known to be dirty (...
Design a video recommendation system
Scenario You are designing an ML-driven video recommendation product (home feed + “up next”) for a consumer app. The interviewer focuses heavily on in...
Design search autocomplete ML system
Design an ML-powered search autocomplete system that suggests query completions as the user types (e.g., after typing a prefix like "ipho" suggest "ip...
Design an ML-powered search system
Scenario Design an end-to-end search system for a consumer product (e.g., an e-commerce marketplace or content platform) where users type queries and ...
Design an image copyright-violation detection system
Design an ML system that detects whether a user-uploaded image violates copyright. Requirements - Input: an image uploaded by a user (optionally with ...
Design and optimize a RAG system
Scenario You are building a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system for question answering over an internal document corpus. Task Design the end-t...
Design Jira bug-to-team classification system
Problem Design a system that automatically classifies incoming Jira bug tickets into the most appropriate owning team, and produces a report for custo...
Design an ads ranking system with calibration
ML System Design: Ads Ranking (e-commerce) Design an online ads ranking (ad “re-ranking”) system for an e-commerce app. The system receives a request ...
Design a Skills inference system
Design an end-to-end ML system to power a "Skills" feature for a professional social network. The product wants to: - Extract and infer a member’s ski...
Design a chatbot over structured and unstructured data
Design a chatbot that can answer user questions using both: - Structured data (e.g., relational tables such as orders, products, pricing, user account...
Calibrate LLM output to match Word formatting
Scenario You’re building an LLM-powered feature in a word processor (e.g., Microsoft Word) that generates content users can insert directly into a doc...
Debug MNIST denoiser training
Debugging a Colab Denoising Network on MNIST Goal: Make a Colab notebook that trains a denoising neural network on MNIST such that: - (a) the training...
Model other agents in simulation
Scenario You are building a driving simulation environment for training/evaluating an autonomous agent (planning or RL). Besides the ego vehicle, the ...
Design a news feed ranking system
Design a personalized news feed recommendation system. Requirements: - Low latency serving (real-time feed generation). - Personalization using user b...
Design a real-time home feed ranker
Scenario Design a real-time home feed (e.g., social or content platform) that is responsive to user engagement. Users open the app and see a ranked li...
Design a restaurant recommendation system
ML System Design: Restaurant Recommendations (Delivery App) You are designing a restaurant recommendation system for a food delivery marketplace (e.g....
Optimize vector semantic search for an assistant
Scenario You own the vector semantic search layer for an AI assistant (e.g., Copilot). Users query across enterprise documents and/or product knowledg...
Design an image/video near-duplicate detection system
Question Design a system to detect near-duplicate images/videos (e.g., reuploads, minor edits, different encodes) at large scale. Requirements - Suppo...