Machine Learning Engineer ML System Design Interview Questions
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Design a RAG system with evaluation
Scenario You are asked to design a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system that answers user questions using a private corpus (e.g., internal docs...
Design a fraud detection system
Scenario You are designing an end-to-end fraud detection system for an online platform (e.g., e-commerce marketplace, payments, account signup, or ad ...
Design Jira bug-to-team classification system
Problem Design a system that automatically classifies incoming Jira bug tickets into the most appropriate owning team, and produces a report for custo...
How would you build an image classifier with dirty data?
Scenario You are asked to build an image classification model (single-label, multi-class) for a product team. The image dataset is known to be dirty (...
Design a chatbot over structured and unstructured data
Design a chatbot that can answer user questions using both: - Structured data (e.g., relational tables such as orders, products, pricing, user account...
Design an ads ranking system with calibration
ML System Design: Ads Ranking (e-commerce) Design an online ads ranking (ad “re-ranking”) system for an e-commerce app. The system receives a request ...
Design a real-time home feed ranker
Scenario Design a real-time home feed (e.g., social or content platform) that is responsive to user engagement. Users open the app and see a ranked li...
Calibrate LLM output to match Word formatting
Scenario You’re building an LLM-powered feature in a word processor (e.g., Microsoft Word) that generates content users can insert directly into a doc...
Design a computer-use agent end-to-end
Scenario You are designing a computer-use agent that can complete user tasks on a standard desktop environment by observing the screen and issuing act...
Debug MNIST denoiser training
Debugging a Colab Denoising Network on MNIST Goal: Make a Colab notebook that trains a denoising neural network on MNIST such that: - (a) the training...
Debug online worse than offline model performance
Production ML: online performance worse than offline You launch an ML model. Offline evaluation (validation/test) looked good, but after deployment th...
Optimize vector semantic search for an assistant
Scenario You own the vector semantic search layer for an AI assistant (e.g., Copilot). Users query across enterprise documents and/or product knowledg...
Design a video recommendation system
Scenario You are designing an ML-driven video recommendation product (home feed + “up next”) for a consumer app. The interviewer focuses heavily on in...
Design an image/video near-duplicate detection system
Question Design a system to detect near-duplicate images/videos (e.g., reuploads, minor edits, different encodes) at large scale. Requirements - Suppo...
Design a restaurant recommendation system
ML System Design: Restaurant Recommendations (Delivery App) You are designing a restaurant recommendation system for a food delivery marketplace (e.g....
Infer user intent from typing in real time
Scenario You’re building an AI feature that observes a user’s typing stream in an editor/search box and predicts the user’s intent in real time. This ...
Design a real-time recommendation system
You are asked to design a real-time recommendation system for a large-scale consumer product (for example, recommending items or content to users in a...
Design an unsafe content detection system
Scenario You are building a system that detects and mitigates unsafe user-generated content (UGC) on a large platform. Unsafe content can include: hat...
Design a short-video recommender for short-term interest
Scenario You are designing a short-video recommendation system (similar to a swipe/feed product). The system must personalize the feed for each user a...
Explain Transformers and deploy an LLM safely
Answer the following LLM-focused questions. 1) Transformer basics - What problem does the Transformer architecture solve compared with RNNs? - Explain...