ML System Design Interview Questions
Practice the exact questions companies are asking right now.
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Design GPU inference request batching
Design a system that serves online model-inference requests on GPUs. Requests arrive one at a time from clients, but GPU throughput is much better whe...
Design a RAG system with evaluation
Scenario You are asked to design a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system that answers user questions using a private corpus (e.g., internal docs...
How do you handle an LLM agents interview?
You have an interview on your agenda titled “Agents Interview.” Explain how you would approach this interview if it is about designing and evaluating ...
Design a high-concurrency LLM inference service
You are designing an LLM inference platform that serves interactive user requests (chat/completions) on GPUs. Goals - Support high concurrency with pr...
Design a fraud detection system
Scenario You are designing an end-to-end fraud detection system for an online platform (e.g., e-commerce marketplace, payments, account signup, or ad ...
How would you build an image classifier with dirty data?
Scenario You are asked to build an image classification model (single-label, multi-class) for a product team. The image dataset is known to be dirty (...
Design a video recommendation system
Scenario You are designing an ML-driven video recommendation product (home feed + “up next”) for a consumer app. The interviewer focuses heavily on in...
Design search autocomplete ML system
Design an ML-powered search autocomplete system that suggests query completions as the user types (e.g., after typing a prefix like "ipho" suggest "ip...
Design efficient Transformer inference with KV cache
You are implementing autoregressive inference for a decoder-only Transformer. 1) Explain what the KV cache is, what tensors are cached per layer, and ...
Design pipeline using classification and embedding services
You are given two black-box ML services: 1. Classification Service - Input: One or more text documents. - Output: A label for each document (e.g...
Design NL-to-Formula assistant for Airtable
Scenario You are given: - An Airtable API key and a link/base/table you can read/write. - An LLM API key (e.g., Claude) that you can call. Users type ...
Design an NL-to-formula assistant
ML system design: Natural-language to spreadsheet formula assistant Design an assistant that converts natural language requests into spreadsheet-style...
Design a batch inference API
System Design: Async Inference Service API (POST Job, Poll for Results) Context You are designing an asynchronous inference service where clients subm...
Design an image copyright-violation detection system
Design an ML system that detects whether a user-uploaded image violates copyright. Requirements - Input: an image uploaded by a user (optionally with ...
Design an ML-powered search system
Scenario Design an end-to-end search system for a consumer product (e.g., an e-commerce marketplace or content platform) where users type queries and ...
Design and optimize a RAG system
Scenario You are building a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system for question answering over an internal document corpus. Task Design the end-t...
Design a low-latency ML inference API
System Design: Low‑Latency ML Inference API (Real‑Time) Context You are designing an in‑region, synchronous inference API used by product surfaces (e....
Design an ads ranking system with calibration
ML System Design: Ads Ranking (e-commerce) Design an online ads ranking (ad “re-ranking”) system for an e-commerce app. The system receives a request ...
Estimate VRAM and compare model parallelism
You are reasoning about GPU memory and parallelism for a transformer-like workload dominated by matrix multiplications. Part 1: Can one matmul’s tenso...
Build and design a Mistral RAG agent
Design and Implement a Minimal LLM-Powered RAG Agent (Python, Mistral API) Context You are asked to build a minimal, but production-minded, retrieval-...