As a Data Scientist at Kraken Digital Asset Exchange, you are at the forefront of one of the most dynamic and complex industries in the world. Your work directly influences how Kraken secures its platform, optimizes liquidity, and enhances the user experience for millions of traders globally. You will be tasked with transforming massive, high-velocity datasets into actionable insights that drive product strategy and operational excellence.
This role is not merely about running models; it is about solving "uncharted challenges" in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. You will operate in a high-stakes environment where your analysis informs decisions on market volatility, fraud detection, and platform scalability. If you are a practitioner who thrives on technical rigor and wants to see your work have an immediate, tangible impact on the future of finance, this position offers a unique vantage point.
Initial Screening
reportedWhoever runs this call is usually not a practitioner. They take notes, and a hiring manager skims those notes later, so the real question is whether your work survives being written down by someone outside the field. Test every project sentence against that: could a non-specialist repeat it correctly without knowing what a propensity score is? Carry a plain-language version of each project and one reason you want this particular role that you could not copy onto another application. Vagueness at this stage reads as inexperience, even when the underlying work was genuinely deep.
What to demonstrate
- Whether a non-specialist can restate your projects accurately, since their paraphrase is what reaches the hiring manager
- Whether your reason for wanting the role points at the work itself rather than the company's reputation
- Whether your language signals the level being screened for: what you decided yourself versus what you were handed
How to prepare
- Write a two-sentence, jargon-free version of each major project: the question nobody could answer, and the decision your work changed. Read it to someone outside data and have them repeat it back
- Point your 'why this role' answer at something concrete in the job description or the product surface you would be working on, and keep it to two sentences
- Have two questions ready about measurement: which metric the team is held to, and who acts on an analysis once it lands
Take-Home Project
reportedA take-home is graded as an argument, not as a notebook. Somebody reads the submission without you in the room, so every choice has to survive on the page: why the question was framed this way, and what was deliberately left out. The gap between a strong and a weak submission is almost never model quality. It is whether the writeup names the specific question it answers and commits to a recommendation, including what evidence would overturn it. A high-accuracy model attached to no conclusion reads as effort that stopped before the decision.
What to demonstrate
- Whether the question you answered is stated outright, and whether it is the question the prompt posed rather than an easier neighbour of it
- Whether the recommendation is specific enough to act on, with the uncertainty attached to it instead of parked in a caveats section at the end
- Whether analytical choices such as the metric definition, the population filter and the time window are justified in the prose, not merely visible in code
How to prepare
- Take a dataset you have already worked with, write the one-paragraph conclusion first, then check whether the analysis you were planning actually supports it and cut whatever does not
- Practise stating a metric in one sentence that fixes the population, the time window and the denominator, then confirm your query computes exactly that sentence and nothing adjacent to it
- Hand a draft to someone outside the problem and ask them to tell you back what you recommended and why; anything they cannot recover is not on the page yet
Technical Evaluation
reportedBefore anything else, this round is a reading test. You are given a small schema and a question phrased in business language, and most of the difficulty sits in the gap between them. Who counts as an active user, does a refunded order still count as an order, is that date column an event time or a load time. Weak answers start typing immediately and compute something precise about the wrong population. Strong ones pin the definition in one sentence, name the column that encodes it, then write the query. On a timed assessment with nobody to tell, write the definition in a comment anyway.
What to demonstrate
- Whether an ambiguous term becomes a specific column and filter before any computation happens
- Whether you read the schema for keys and cardinality rather than only for column names
- Whether the result answers the question at the grain it was asked at, per user or per session or per day
How to prepare
- Take three metrics you already use and write down the exact filter and exact grain behind each, then practise stating one of them in a single sentence out loud
- On a schema you have never seen, spend the first minute writing what one row of each table means and which key it is unique on, then predict which joins can duplicate rows
- Rehearse a version where the definition changes halfway through, and edit the query you have instead of starting over
Cultural Fit Interviews
reportedAn added round often puts you in front of someone outside the core hiring team: a partner engineer, a product owner, a domain expert, sometimes a more senior manager. The question they are really asking is not whether you can do the work but whether they would trust a number that came from you. That changes what a good answer looks like. Lead with what the decision cost and what it changed, keep the method available but not central, and be plain about the limits of your evidence. Overstating a result is the fastest way to lose this round.
What to demonstrate
- Whether you can explain a technical choice to someone who will never read your code, without either flattening it into nothing or hiding inside jargon
- Honesty about evidence strength: what the analysis establishes, what it only suggests, and what it cannot say at all
- How you take disagreement, specifically whether you update on a good objection, hold your position with reasons, or fold on contact
How to prepare
- Write the two-sentence version of your most technical project for a non-specialist, then check that neither sentence needs a method name to make sense.
- For one result you are proud of, write the strongest objection someone could raise and a response that concedes the part of it that is correct.
- Prepare one decision that turned out to be wrong: how you found out, what it cost, and what you changed afterwards. A senior cross-functional interviewer asks for this more often than a technical one does.
Final Decision-Making
reportedA loop is not scored one interview at a time. The people you meet compare notes afterwards, usually in a meeting you are not in, and the outcome turns on what each of them can say about you when asked. That rewards something other than survival: every room needs one specific thing worth repeating, and none of them can contradict another. The common way to lose is to tell the same project four times with different numbers in it, or to be uniformly fine in a way that leaves nobody with anything to argue for.
What to demonstrate
- Whether your account of a project survives being told twice, with the same scale, the same metric definition and the same numbers each time
- Whether each interviewer leaves with one concrete claim they could make on your behalf later, rather than an absence of complaints
- Whether a question you already answered in an earlier room gets the same answer at the same depth, without visible impatience
How to prepare
- Write a one-page fact sheet for your two or three main projects that fixes the numbers you will quote: rows of data, the metric as a single sentence, the effect you measured and how long the work took. Say them aloud from the sheet until they come out identical every time
- For each kind of room you expect, decide the one sentence you want that interviewer repeating in a debrief, then check during the mock that you said it outright instead of implying it
- Rehearse answering the same project question twice in one sitting, the second time as though you had not just answered it, because the thing that needs fixing is the flatness that creeps into a repeated story
PracHub editorial advice for the preparation topics above.
Comparing accounts that received a sales or customer-success touch against those that did not
Assignment of coverage is deliberate and pulls in both directions at once: the largest accounts get a named owner because they are valuable, and the accounts showing distress get one because they are at risk. The comparison therefore mixes a strong positive selection with a strong negative one, and the naive estimate can come out with either sign depending on which assignment rule dominated during the period examined. Nothing about matching on observed size fixes this, because the risk signal that triggered coverage is usually the same signal that predicts the outcome. It needs either an actual randomised or staggered rollout of coverage, or a design built on a capacity constraint or territory boundary that assigns coverage for reasons unrelated to account health.
Reporting a mean over accounts when account revenue is heavy-tailed
When a small number of accounts hold most of the revenue, the sample mean is dominated by whichever of them happens to be in the sample, and the sample variance keeps growing as more data arrives instead of stabilising. In that regime the usual central-limit-based confidence interval understates uncertainty, and a single renewal or a single large account's batch job can flip the sign of a measured effect. The fixes are to pre-register a winsorisation or capping rule before looking at the outcome, to report account counts crossing a threshold alongside the revenue figure, or to define the estimand on a bounded transform. Choosing the cap after seeing the result is a separate and worse problem, because the cap then encodes the answer.
Explaining an aggregate move without decomposing the mix shift
Split the change in the aggregate into within-segment movement and movement in segment weights before you explain it. Every segment's rate can fall while the overall rate rises, purely because volume shifted toward segments that already had higher rates.
Writing SQL without stating NULL and tie-breaking behaviour
Before calling a query finished, say what it does with NULLs, ties and empty groups. NOT IN against a subquery containing a single NULL returns no rows at all, and RANK, DENSE_RANK and ROW_NUMBER differ precisely on ties, so name which one the question requires.
Choose a category, try a prompt, then open its approach, worked solution or follow-up when you need it.
Explain the trade-offs between different machine learning models for p…
Explain the trade-offs between different machine learning models for predicting market volatility.
Approach
- Pick an evaluation metric that matches the cost of each error type, not a default.
- Say how the offline result would be validated online before it is trusted.
- Check what information would not exist at prediction time, and exclude it.
Follow-up
- What would you monitor after launch to know the model is still valid?
- Where could label leakage enter this setup?
Permutation-test a consumption experiment randomised at account level
An experiment randomised 900 accounts into two arms. You have one row per account: account_id, arm, consumption_28d (billable units after launch) and consumption_pre (the 28 days before). Consumption is heavy-tailed and the largest account is several percent of the total. Write a permutation test from scratch: winsorise at the pooled 99th percentile as a pre-registered rule, use the difference in arm means of the winsorised outcome as the statistic, and obtain a two-sided p-value from 20,000 relabellings of the account-level arm vector. Report the observed effect, the p-value, and the same test on a CUPED-adjusted outcome.
Approach
- Be precise about what the permutation test needs. Under the sharp null of no effect for any account, the outcomes are exchangeable across arm labels, and the test is valid for ANY statistic T(outcomes, labels) provided the identical function is applied to the observed labels and to all 20,000 relabellings. The pooled 99th percentile is a function of the outcome vector alone, so recomputing it inside the loop returns the same number 20,000 times: that is wasted CPU, not a bias, and hoisting it out is an optimisation rather than a correctness fix. Say plainly that capping at all changes the estimand from mean consumption to mean capped consumption; it is not a neutral cleaning step.
- The mistake that does invalidate the test is an asymmetry between the observed statistic and the permuted ones, and the easiest way to create it is to derive the cleaning rule from the observed arm labels and then freeze it — winsorise each arm at its own observed 99th percentile, hold those two caps fixed, and permute. The observed value is then computed with caps matched to its own partition while every relabelling is scored with caps belonging to a different one, so the null distribution no longer answers the question the p-value claims to answer. A per-arm cap recomputed consistently inside every permutation is a valid test, but it estimates a contrast whose two sides are capped at different thresholds, so prefer the pooled cap on estimand grounds and pre-register it.
- Permute the account-level arm vector, because the account is the randomisation unit. Relabelling anything finer — users, workspaces, requests — generates a null distribution narrower than the design actually supports and returns p-values that are anti-conservative.
- Vectorise the null: tile the treatment indicator into a (B, n) matrix and permute along axis 1 with rng.permuted(..., out=...). The statistic is a difference of means, so the treated sum alone determines it and the whole null is one matrix-vector product. Use the two-sided p-value (1 + count(|stat_perm| >= |stat_obs|)) / (B + 1); the plus-one on each side is not cosmetic, it keeps the p-value away from exactly zero and keeps the test valid at finite B.
- For CUPED, fit theta = cov(y, x) / var(x) on the pooled data and use that same theta for the observed statistic and every relabelling. Pooled theta, like the pooled cap, carries no label information, so where in the loop you compute it is again only a performance question; fitting theta within arms is what goes wrong, because the adjusted outcome then depends on the labels and an observed-label fit frozen across all 20,000 relabellings breaks the match between observed and permuted statistics. x must be measured entirely before launch, which consumption_pre is. Expected variance reduction is about 1 - corr(y, x)^2; measure the achieved reduction from the two null distributions rather than asserting it.
Worked solution 45 min
- cap_y = np.quantile(df.consumption_28d, 0.99); y = np.minimum(df.consumption_28d.to_numpy(float), cap_y); cap_x = np.quantile(df.consumption_pre, 0.99); x = np.minimum(df.consumption_pre.to_numpy(float), cap_x)
- t = (df.arm == 'treatment').to_numpy(); n1 = int(t.sum()); n0 = len(t) - n1; obs = y[t].mean() - y[~t].mean()
- rng = np.random.default_rng(11); L = np.tile(t.astype(np.int8), (20_000, 1)); rng.permuted(L, axis=1, out=L); s1 = L @ y; stats = s1/n1 - (y.sum() - s1)/n0
- p = (1 + int(np.sum(np.abs(stats) >= abs(obs)))) / (20_000 + 1)
- theta = np.cov(y, x, ddof=1)[0,1] / np.var(x, ddof=1); y_adj = y - theta*(x - x.mean()); repeat steps 2 to 4 on y_adj and compare stats.std(ddof=1) between the two runs.
Follow-up
- The p-value is 0.04 with the cap and 0.31 without it. What do you report, and what did you pre-register?
- Colleagues in a shared workspace can see the treated behaviour. How does that change the design and the estimate?
- How many accounts would you need to detect a 5% lift given this outcome's distribution?
Join daily usage to the contract version live that day
fct_usage_daily has account_id, usage_date and net_amount_cents. fct_subscription_period has account_id, subscription_period_id, plan_tier, term_start_date, term_end_date, arr_cents and is_current, with one row per contract term version and every amendment inserting a new row. Attach to each usage row the subscription_period_id whose term brackets usage_date (term_start_date <= usage_date <= term_end_date). pd.merge_asof and an interval-condition merge are unavailable; use sorting and numpy.searchsorted. Then report monthly net revenue by plan_tier. Terms for one account do not overlap, and usage may fall outside every term.
Approach
- Say out loud why the cheap version is wrong: joining on is_current stamps today's plan tier onto last year's usage, so every account that upgraded has its history reclassified and revenue-by-tier becomes a function of when the query ran.
- Sort each account's terms by term_start_date and use np.searchsorted(term_start, usage_date, side='right') - 1 to get the last term that started on or before the usage date. Do it per account group, or globally after encoding (account_id, date) into one monotone key.
- searchsorted only enforces the left edge. Validate the right edge afterwards — usage_date <= the candidate's term_end_date — and set the match to NA where it fails. That NA is usage in a gap between contracts and must stay visible instead of being folded into the expired term.
- Assert non-overlap before trusting the lookup, and write the assertion so it is capable of passing. prev_end = terms.groupby('account_id').term_end_date.shift() is NaT on each account's first row, and NaT < Timestamp evaluates to False rather than NA, so a comparison followed by .fillna(True) has nothing left to fill and the assertion fires on every account's first term whatever the data looks like. Guard the null yourself: assert (prev_end.isna() | (prev_end < terms.term_start_date)).all(). The failure mode of getting this wrong is not a false alarm you notice once — it is an assertion someone deletes because it never passes, after which overlapping terms make searchsorted return one of them with no trace in the output.
- Aggregate after the join, grouping by (usage_date month, plan_tier) with dropna=False so the unmatched bucket appears as its own row and the total still ties to the ungrouped sum of net_amount_cents.
Follow-up
- An amendment takes effect on the 17th of a month. How do you report that month's revenue by tier?
- What changes if terms can overlap because of a co-term amendment?
- How would you verify this against a SQL implementation using a BETWEEN condition?
Running commitment burn-down and the date consumption crosses it
fct_subscription_period gives committed_amount_cents, term_start_date and term_end_date for each account's current version where pricing_model = 'committed_consumption'. fct_usage_daily gives account_id, workspace_id, sku_code, usage_date and net_amount_cents, at one row per workspace and SKU per day. Inside each account's current term, return the running total of net_amount_cents by usage_date, the first usage_date on which that running total reaches committed_amount_cents, and the fraction of the term elapsed at that point. Accounts that have not reached their commitment must still appear, with a null crossing date.
Approach
- Collapse usage to one row per (account_id, usage_date) first. The fact is grained by workspace and SKU, so a raw running total leaves several rows per date and the first-crossing date becomes dependent on the arbitrary order of rows inside that day.
- Restrict to the term with usage_date BETWEEN term_start_date AND term_end_date on the account's current row, so no prior term's consumption leaks into this term's burn-down.
- Compute SUM(net_cents) OVER (PARTITION BY account_id ORDER BY usage_date ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW). Name ROWS explicitly: the default frame is RANGE, which includes all peer rows at the same ORDER BY value and would hand back the whole day's total on each of that day's rows.
- Extract the crossing with MIN(usage_date) FILTER (WHERE running_cents >= committed_amount_cents) grouped per account, which returns NULL for accounts still under commitment instead of dropping them.
- Elapsed fraction is (crossing_date - term_start_date)::numeric / NULLIF(term_end_date - term_start_date, 0); Postgres date subtraction yields whole days, so the guard matters for same-day terms.
- Exclude the trailing days still inside the metering settling window, measured from first_written_at against restated_at, and say how many days you cut and why.
Worked solution 30 min
- Build terms: SELECT account_id, committed_amount_cents, term_start_date, term_end_date FROM fct_subscription_period WHERE is_current AND pricing_model = 'committed_consumption' AND committed_amount_cents IS NOT NULL.
- Build daily: join fct_usage_daily to terms on account_id with usage_date inside the term, then GROUP BY account_id, usage_date summing net_amount_cents.
- Add running_cents with SUM(...) OVER (PARTITION BY account_id ORDER BY usage_date ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW).
- Aggregate per account with MIN(usage_date) FILTER (WHERE running_cents >= committed_amount_cents) AS crossing_date, then compute the elapsed fraction with the NULLIF guard.
- LEFT JOIN that summary back onto terms so every committed account appears, and verify the last running_cents per account equals a plain SUM over the term.
Follow-up
- Turn this into an end-of-term overage forecast. What breaks if you extrapolate a linear run rate on a consumption product?
- An account crosses its commitment at 40 percent of the term. Is that an expansion signal or a billing-surprise risk, and what would you check to tell them apart?
Net revenue retention on a cohort frozen twelve months back
fct_subscription_period carries subscription_period_id, account_id, arr_cents, plan_code, term_start_date, term_end_date, booked_at, amendment_type, superseded_by_id (the subscription_period_id of the version that replaced this one, null on the live version of a lineage) and is_current. Compute net revenue retention for month M: the summed arr_cents at M for the set of accounts holding arr_cents > 0 at M-12, divided by that same set's arr_cents at M-12. An account can hold more than one live subscription, a churned account contributes zero rather than dropping out, and nothing signed after M-12 may enter either side. Return the ratio plus the expansion, contraction and churn components in cents.
Approach
- Write one reusable as-of ARR snapshot parameterised by a date: rows whose term brackets the date AND whose booked_at is at or before the date, then only the version of each lineage that is still live at that date, then sum arr_cents per account. The booked_at guard matters because an amendment signed in advance otherwise co-exists with the term it replaces and double counts the account.
- Collapse the lineage on superseded_by_id, not on any attribute of the contract. Keep a row when superseded_by_id IS NULL, or when the successor it points at was booked after the date. Ranking with ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY account_id, plan_code ...) instead is wrong in both directions: an amendment that moves the account from one plan_code to another puts the old and new versions in different partitions, so both are rank 1, both bracket the date, and the account's arr_cents is counted twice; and two genuinely concurrent subscriptions that happen to share a plan_code land in one partition, so one of them is deleted.
- Resolve the successor with a LEFT JOIN back to fct_subscription_period on subscription_period_id, and treat a missing successor as not superseded. An inner join would silently delete an account's ARR on a dangling pointer, which is a data-quality bug in the source, not a retention movement.
- Never use is_current for the M-12 side. is_current describes today; using it at the historical snapshot backdates the present contract onto last year's cohort and makes retention look like 100 percent by construction.
- Freeze the cohort from the M-12 snapshot where arr_cents > 0, then LEFT JOIN the M snapshot onto it and COALESCE the missing side to zero. An inner join deletes exactly the churned accounts, which is the single largest way this number gets overstated.
- Return a ratio of sums, not a mean of per-account ratios. The two are different estimands: contraction is floored at zero while expansion is unbounded, so the mean of ratios is both biased relative to the aggregate and far noisier on a skewed revenue base.
- Decompose per account on the delta: positive delta is expansion, negative delta with a non-zero M value is contraction, a zero M value is churn. The three components must reconcile to numerator minus denominator.
- Prove no leakage: any account whose first contract began after M-12 must be absent from both sides, and the cohort row count must be identical in the numerator and denominator.
Follow-up
- Net revenue retention can rise while the business shrinks. Show one mechanism and name the guardrail that catches it.
- How do you handle an account that co-terms two subscriptions into one mid-window, so the subscription count changes but the money does not?
- Finance computes this from invoiced amounts and gets a different number. Which is right for which question?
Explain your approach to backtesting a trading strategy.
Explain your approach to backtesting a trading strategy.
Approach
- Work from the decision backwards to the evidence you would need.
- Clarify what is being asked and what a complete answer would contain.
- State your assumptions explicitly before working the problem.
Follow-up
- What assumption would you test first?
- How would you know your answer was wrong?
What experience do you have with large-scale data processing in a dist…
What experience do you have with large-scale data processing in a distributed environment?
Approach
- Work from the decision backwards to the evidence you would need.
- Say what you would check first and why it is the highest-information step.
- State your assumptions explicitly before working the problem.
Follow-up
- How would you know your answer was wrong?
- What assumption would you test first?
Design the retention metric suite for a quarterly board pack
You own the retention numbers in the quarterly board pack. Build them from fct_subscription_period (account_id, arr_cents, term_start_date, term_end_date, amendment_type, booked_at, is_current, superseded_by_id) rather than from invoices. Deliver net revenue retention over a trailing twelve months, the guardrails that stop it being satisfied by shrinking the business, and the reporting lag you will enforce. Specify the cohort rule, state whether you report a ratio of sums or a mean of per-account ratios and why, and name two ways the headline number rises while the business gets worse.
Approach
- Freeze the cohort at month M-12: the set of accounts with ARR above zero on that date. No account acquired after M-12 enters either side of the ratio. That constraint is the entire point, because it makes the number a statement about the installed base rather than about how well sales did last quarter.
- Read arr_cents from the fct_subscription_period version that was live on each of the two dates, selected by term_start_date and term_end_date bracketing the date, never by is_current, which silently rates last year's revenue at this year's plan. Invoiced amounts move with billing_frequency and prepayment and will not reconcile to a contract-derived figure, so pick one source and say which.
- Report the ratio of sums: total arr_cents at M over the frozen cohort divided by total at M-12. The mean of per-account ratios is a different estimand and much noisier on a few thousand accounts, because contraction is bounded below at zero while expansion is unbounded, so a handful of large expansions dominate the mean.
- Attach the two guardrails that close the two gaming routes. Gross logo retention on the renewal-eligible base catches raising the ratio by declining to serve the churn-prone segment, because it is computed only over accounts that actually had an opportunity to leave. New-logo ARR reported beside it exposes a contracting top of funnel that the ratio is structurally incapable of seeing.
- Enforce the lag and the restatement policy. A 45-day grace on term_end_date for late paperwork means the most recent 45 days are never reportable, and a month is openly restated when the grace closes rather than quietly corrected between board packs.
Worked solution 40 min
- Build an as-of ARR resolver: for a date D and an account, select the fct_subscription_period row where term_start_date <= D and term_end_date >= D, breaking ties on the latest booked_at so a superseded version never wins.
- Form the cohort at M-12 as accounts with as-of ARR above zero, then compute both sums with that account set held fixed.
- Compute the same quantity as a mean of per-account ratios and record the gap between the two.
- Build gross logo retention over accounts with term_end_date in each month, with the 45-day grace applied, and pull new-logo ARR from amendment_type = 'new' by booked_at.
- Recompute net revenue retention with the five largest accounts removed and report it beside the headline.
Follow-up
- Compute net revenue retention both ways on the same cohort. What does a large gap between the ratio of sums and the mean of per-account ratios tell you about the shape of the expansion distribution?
- A ramp deal is signed in March and starts in July. Which month does it belong to on the board's sales-effectiveness page, and which on this one?
Net revenue retention jumps sixteen points in one month
Trailing-twelve-month net revenue retention printed around 108 percent for months and now reads 124 percent, with no unusual deals closed. The query sums arr_cents from fct_subscription_period (account_id, arr_cents, term_start_date, term_end_date, amendment_type, superseded_by_id, is_current, booked_at) filtered on is_current = true at month M, across accounts holding arr_cents > 0 at month M-12. Find the defect, correct the number, and rewrite the definition so the next person cannot reintroduce it.
Approach
- Audit the grain before the arithmetic: count account_ids holding more than one row with is_current = true and superseded_by_id null. A versioned contract table that double counts one amendment batch inflates the numerator while leaving the denominator untouched.
- Replace is_current with an as-of selection on both dates, taking the version whose term_start_date and term_end_date bracket the reporting date and tie-breaking on latest booked_at. The numerator is read as of M and the denominator as of M-12; neither uses today's live version.
- Verify the cohort is frozen. The account set is fixed at M-12 and nothing acquired since may enter the numerator, so check that no join to a current-period table quietly re-admits new accounts.
- Confirm the estimand is a ratio of sums rather than a mean of per-account ratios. Contraction is floored at zero while expansion is unbounded, so the two constructions differ systematically and the second is far noisier.
- Reissue the definition with the failure modes written into it: exactly one row per account per date by construction, cohort frozen at M-12, churned accounts contributing zero rather than dropping out of the numerator.
Follow-up
- A churned account should contribute zero rather than disappear. What does the ratio do under each treatment, and which one is correct?
- How would you unit-test this metric so a future amendment batch with the same defect fails a check instead of reaching a board slide?
Four days spend equal time on query work, statistics, modelling and product judgement at deliberately shallow depth, which produces a scored map of where you actually stand. The last three days spend everything on the two areas the role weights most, and close by re-running day one to measure movement.
Prepare, practise & reflect
One practical outcome each day. Spend longer where you need it.
0 / 7 done01Breadth pass: query fluency
- Solve six prompts spanning aggregation, joins, window functions and date arithmetic in 60 minutes total, stopping at 10 minutes each whether or not it works, and mark every prompt as solved, solved slowly, or stuck.
- For each unsolved prompt write the single blocking sentence (I lost the grain, I did not know the frame clause, I could not express the date boundary) instead of reading the solution.
- Translate one pandas transformation you know well into SQL and one SQL query into pandas, checking that both return the same row count and the same totals.
Deliverable: A scored six-row table, one line per prompt, saved for the day-seven re-run.
Practice prompt ↗Practice prompt ↗Worked solution ↗02Breadth pass: statistics and inference
- Answer ten short questions in writing with nothing open: what a p-value is conditional on, what a 95 percent interval covers across repeated samples, when a paired test is the right one, what the bootstrap estimates, why multiple comparisons inflate false positives, how controlling the family-wise error rate differs from controlling the false discovery rate, what power depends on, what a missed real effect costs a product, the three situations where the central limit theorem does not rescue you (small n, very heavy tails, dependent observations), and what a standard error is the standard deviation of.
- Grade yourself against a reference and count only the answers that were exactly right, not the ones that were nearly right.
- Rewrite the two weakest answers the following morning from memory in full sentences.
Deliverable: Ten graded answers with an honest count of exact hits.
Practice prompt ↗Practice prompt ↗03Breadth pass: modelling
- Take one tabular dataset end to end in 90 minutes: a leakage-safe split, a baseline that is not a model (majority class or historical mean), one regularized linear model, one gradient-boosted tree, and a single evaluation metric chosen before you look at any result.
- Write why that metric fits the cost structure: precision at a fixed recall for alerting, calibration for anything feeding a price or a threshold, ranking metrics for retrieval, and note that area under the ROC curve is insensitive to class balance in a way that can flatter a rare-positive problem.
- Name the leak you were most likely to introduce (an encoding fit on all rows before splitting, or a feature computed after the label's timestamp) and write the check that would have caught it.
Deliverable: A notebook whose first cell states the metric and the baseline, plus two lines on what beat what and by how much.
Practice prompt ↗Practice prompt ↗04Breadth pass: product judgement
- Answer three case prompts aloud at 15 minutes each, timing how long passes before you state a success metric.
- For one case write the first segmentation you would run and the row counts you expect per segment, so that a tiny segment cannot quietly drive the conclusion.
- Take a metric definition you did not write, from a public dashboard, a textbook, or documentation you already have open, and list every place two analysts implementing it would diverge: which rows the denominator admits, whether the unit is an account or a person, what the time window is anchored to, and what happens to data that arrives late. Then write the one question that would close the largest of those gaps.
Deliverable: Three recorded case answers plus an ambiguity list for a metric someone else defined, ending in the single question you would ask about it.
Practice prompt ↗Practice prompt ↗Worked solution ↗05Depth, first area
- Rank the four areas by how many bullet points in the role description each one covers, pick the top one, and spend the entire day inside it.
- Work the six hardest problems you can find in that area and for each write the generalizable move you should have reached for first, rather than the answer.
- Re-solve the two you failed the same evening with notes closed.
Deliverable: Six generalizable moves written as instructions to yourself, not as solutions.
Practice prompt ↗Practice prompt ↗06Depth, second area, and the seam between them
- Repeat the depth protocol on the second-ranked area with the same six-problem structure.
- Construct one problem that requires both areas at once, for example a metric redefinition whose effect you must validate with a test whose readout you then have to query.
- Solve your own combined problem end to end and note where the handoff between the two areas cost you time.
Deliverable: One combined problem, solved end to end, with the handoff failure written down.
Practice prompt ↗07Integration and re-measurement
- Re-run the six prompts from day one under the same clock and compare both correctness and time.
- Run a 60-minute mixed mock that moves between areas without warning, since switching cost is what breadth passes do not train.
- Write the two areas you would still fail on, and the sentence you will use in the interview when you hit one of them.
Deliverable: A before-and-after score table plus a written plan for the two remaining gaps.
Practice prompt ↗Worked solution ↗Expand any day for tasks and deliverables. Your progress is saved on this device.
Saying no well is a senior skill and it is rarely rehearsed. Think of a time you told someone their analysis was not worth doing, or that the experiment could not answer their question at the sample size available. Explain what you offered instead. Refusal without an alternative reads as obstruction rather than judgement.
Tell us about a project where you had to work with ambiguity and incom…
Tell us about a project where you had to work with ambiguity and incomplete requirements.
Approach
- Pick a story where you drove the decision, not one where you observed it.
- Close with what you would do differently, concretely.
- State the situation in two sentences and spend the rest on your reasoning.
Follow-up
- What did you decide not to do, and why?
- How did you know the outcome was caused by your change?
How do you stay updated with the rapidly evolving regulatory and techn…
How do you stay updated with the rapidly evolving regulatory and technical landscape of crypto?
Approach
- State the situation in two sentences and spend the rest on your reasoning.
- Pick a story where you drove the decision, not one where you observed it.
- Close with what you would do differently, concretely.
Follow-up
- What would you do differently if you ran that project again?
- How did you know the outcome was caused by your change?
Describe a time you had to explain complex technical findings to a non…
Describe a time you had to explain complex technical findings to a non-technical stakeholder.
Approach
- Close with what you would do differently, concretely.
- Pick a story where you drove the decision, not one where you observed it.
- State the situation in two sentences and spend the rest on your reasoning.
Follow-up
- How did you know the outcome was caused by your change?
- What did you decide not to do, and why?
- 01
Tell us about a project where you had to work with ambiguity and incomplete requirements.
- 02
How do you stay updated with the rapidly evolving regulatory and technical landscape of crypto?
- 03
Describe a time you had to explain complex technical findings to a non-technical stakeholder.
Is this an official Kraken Digital Asset Exchange interview guide?
No. It is PracHub's own research and practice material for the Data Scientist role at Kraken Digital Asset Exchange. Rounds and questions reflect what candidates have reported, not a process Kraken Digital Asset Exchange has published, and they change over time. Confirm the current format and scope with your recruiter.
PracHub interview research ↗How long should I spend on the take-home project?
While the prompt may be open-ended, prioritize quality over quantity. Ensure your code is clean, your methodology is sound, and your documentation clearly explains your reasoning.
PracHub interview research ↗Does Kraken prioritize academic background or industry experience?
Kraken values practical application and the ability to solve real-world problems. While a strong academic background is beneficial, your ability to demonstrate how you have applied your skills in a professional setting is what truly matters.
PracHub interview research ↗What is the company culture like?
The culture is highly professional, fast-paced, and centered on the mission of crypto adoption. Expect a team that values direct communication, technical excellence, and a high degree of individual ownership.
PracHub interview research ↗Sources & methodology 3 sources ↗
No official company page is cited. Rounds and questions come from candidate reports and PracHub editorial material; each source shows the date it was read.
- 01PracHub interview research ↗
PracHub editorial research into this company and role, maintained with this guide. Candidate-reported, not an employer publication.
PracHub page · Accessed 2026-09-22 - 02PracHub Data Scientist practice ↗
Cross-company practice questions for this role.
PracHub page · Accessed 2026-09-22 - 03PracHub interview preparation framework ↗
The framework the preparation plan follows.
PracHub page · Accessed 2026-09-22
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