Design Installment-Loan Payment Processing

# Design Installment-Loan Payment Processing Design a payment-processing system for an existing user's active installment loan. A payment may be initiated manually through an app or website, or automatically by a schedule. The system debits the user's bank through a synchronous API that is available during only one fixed one-hour window each day. After each attempt, notify the user of success or failure by SMS or email. Cover APIs, state, scheduling, bank interaction, retries, accounting, and notifications. ### Constraints & Assumptions - User and loan services already exist and may be represented by stubbed APIs. - The bank debit API gives a synchronous result while its daily window is open and is unavailable outside it. - Clients, schedulers, workers, and notification providers may retry requests. - A payment must never be debited twice because of a retry. - Payment state and the loan's applied repayment must remain reconcilable. ### Clarifying Questions to Ask - Is a bank timeout known to mean failure, or can its outcome be unknown? - Does the bank accept an idempotency key or expose a transaction-status lookup? - Which timezone and holiday calendar define the one-hour window? - May users cancel or edit a queued payment before the window opens? - Are partial, early, late, or overpayments allowed? - Which result should be communicated when an attempt is still pending reconciliation? ### What a Strong Answer Covers - Payment intent, attempt, schedule, ledger/application, notification, and idempotency records. - One ingestion path for manual and scheduled requests with authorization and amount validation. - Durable queuing for the next bank window, bounded concurrency, and backpressure. - Exactly-once business effect built from idempotent commands and state transitions, not exactly-once delivery claims. - Unknown-result reconciliation and protection against retrying a possibly successful debit. - Transactional loan application plus an outbox for reliable user notification. ### Follow-up Questions - What happens when the bank times out one second before the daily window closes? - How do you prevent the scheduler and a user retry from creating two payments? - How would you catch up after workers are down for the whole bank window? - Which metrics and reconciliation reports would operations need?