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Compute negative-price probability after n steps

Last updated: Mar 29, 2026

Quick Overview

This question evaluates understanding of discrete probability distributions and random-walk processes within Statistics & Math, testing skills in binomial modeling and numeric computation for probabilistic outcomes.

  • medium
  • Optiver
  • Statistics & Math
  • Software Engineer

Compute negative-price probability after n steps

Company: Optiver

Role: Software Engineer

Category: Statistics & Math

Difficulty: medium

Interview Round: Take-home Project

A price starts at value s. Each day for n independent days, it moves to s + x with probability p and to s − x with probability 1 − p (x > 0). After n days, what is the probability that the final price is strictly below 0? Derive a closed-form expression (in terms of a binomial tail or equivalent) and describe an algorithm to compute it accurately for large n.

Quick Answer: This question evaluates understanding of discrete probability distributions and random-walk processes within Statistics & Math, testing skills in binomial modeling and numeric computation for probabilistic outcomes.

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Optiver logo
Optiver
Aug 13, 2025, 12:00 AM
Software Engineer
Take-home Project
Statistics & Math
2
0

Random-Walk Price Crossing Probability

Setup

  • Initial price: S₀ = s (real number).
  • Step size: x > 0.
  • Number of days: n (integer ≥ 0).
  • Each day t = 1, 2, ..., n, the price moves independently:
    • Up by +x with probability p.
    • Down by −x with probability 1 − p. So S_{t+1} = S_t + X_t, where X_t ∈ {+x, −x}.

Task

After n days, what is the probability that the final price S_n is strictly below 0? Derive:

  1. A closed-form expression (as a binomial CDF/tail or equivalent).
  2. An algorithm to compute it accurately for large n.

Solution

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