Amazon Data Manipulation (SQL/Python) Interview Questions
Practice 629 real Amazon interview questions for 2026. Covers all top categories — Coding & Algorithms, Behavioral & Leadership, Machine Learning, Data Manipulation (SQL/Python), and System Design — across Software Engineer, Data Scientist, Machine Learning Engineer, Product Manager, and Business Intelligence Engineer roles. Real Amazon interview questions from actual interviews with detailed solutions; use this collection for interview preparation that emphasizes shipping at scale, measurable impact, and the company’s Leadership Principles. Expect coding-heavy assessments for Software Engineer candidates: frequent tree and dynamic-programming problems, two-array optimization patterns, nested object/path lookups, and system-design prompts that mirror product flows (online Minesweeper, pizza-ordering, credit-card and shipping/cost systems), plus leadership and collaboration behavioral prompts. Data Scientist rounds concentrate on experimentation and metrics (A/B design, hand p-values, D7 retention SQL), RAG/recommender evaluation, and product-impact analyses. ML Engineer questions focus on production model design, LLM/agent concepts, reliability (cold start, training stability, online vs offline gaps), and large-scale detection pipelines. PM interviews stress customer-obsessed stories, ambiguity, Alexa product launches, and domain-specific data pipelines. Prepare with timed coding practice, end-to-end experiment writeups, STAR stories framed to Leadership Principles, and mock system-design sessions.
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Test whether two user populations differ
Problem You are given two groups of users: - Group A: North America users - Group B: Europe users Each user has a vector of continuous features (e.g.,...
Explain surprisal and its units
You are discussing a language-modeling / NLP project. The interviewer asks about surprisal. 1. Define surprisal for an event/token with probability \(...
Describe using customer data
Describe using customer data Tell me about a time you used customer data to shape or build a product. How did you identify the customer problem, what ...
Design logo infringement detection system
Scenario You work for a large e-commerce company. Brands register their official logos with you (e.g., Nike swoosh, Apple logo, etc.). Third-party sel...
Design LFU cache with distributed extension
Problem You are asked to design and implement a data structure that behaves like an in-memory cache with a Least Frequently Used (LFU) eviction policy...
Maximize capacity with primary-backup pairing
You are given n servers, where server i has memory capacity memory[i]. A valid system must contain an even number of servers. If the system contains 2...
Explain key ML theory and techniques
Explain key ML theory and techniques This Amazon Machine Learning Engineer onsite covers a breadth of core ML theory and applied modeling. Be ready to...
Explain core components of reinforcement learning
In reinforcement learning, we model an agent that interacts with an environment over time. The agent observes the state of the environment, takes acti...
Contrast CNNs and fully connected networks
Compare convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with fully connected (dense) networks. Explain: - The structural differences between convolutional layers...
Compare decision trees and random forests
Compare decision trees and random forests. In your answer, discuss: - How a single decision tree is built and its main advantages and disadvantages. -...
Describe overfitting and L1/L2 regularization
Define overfitting in machine learning and explain why it is harmful. Then describe L1 and L2 regularization: - How each one modifies the loss functio...
Explain the bias–variance trade-off
Explain the bias–variance trade-off in supervised learning. In your answer, cover: - What bias and variance mean in the context of a prediction model....
Design a memory usage switcher with thresholds
System Design: In-Process Memory Usage Switcher Context You are designing an in-process memory guardrail for a backend service. The component monitors...
Design real-time top-K products service
Question Design a real-time service that ingests a continuous stream of purchase events with the schema (customer_id, item_id, timestamp) and continuo...
Optimize with a cache/hash map
Question This is a follow-up to your existing implementation (for example, a script that repeatedly resolves file paths or parses license strings into...
Explain work-simulation approach under ambiguity
Behavioral: Prioritizing and Delivering Under Ambiguity in a Time-Boxed Simulation Context You are a software engineer in a technical screen. You are ...
Design a basic task management system
Design a Simple Task Management Service Requirements Design a simple task management system that supports: 1. Add a new task with a unique ID and desc...
Insert and merge an interval
You are given a list of pairwise non-overlapping closed intervals [si, ei] sorted by start time, and a new interval [s, e]. Insert [s, e] into the lis...
Explain Layer Normalization in Transformers
Layer Normalization in Transformers: Placement, Gradients, and Practical Trade-offs Task Explain Layer Normalization (LayerNorm) as used in Transforme...
Explain imbalance, metrics, bias-variance, Transformers vs. CNNs
Question You are given a highly imbalanced binary classification problem in a fraud-detection setting (roughly 1% positives). Walk through the core ML...