Amazon Coding & Algorithms Interview Questions
Practice 600 real Amazon interview questions for 2026. Covers all top categories — Coding & Algorithms, Behavioral & Leadership, Machine Learning, Data Manipulation (SQL/Python), and System Design — across Software Engineer, Data Scientist, Machine Learning Engineer, Product Manager, and Business Intelligence Engineer roles. Real Amazon interview questions from actual interviews with detailed solutions; use this collection for interview preparation that emphasizes shipping at scale, measurable impact, and the company’s Leadership Principles. Expect coding-heavy assessments for Software Engineer candidates: frequent tree and dynamic-programming problems, two-array optimization patterns, nested object/path lookups, and system-design prompts that mirror product flows (online Minesweeper, pizza-ordering, credit-card and shipping/cost systems), plus leadership and collaboration behavioral prompts. Data Scientist rounds concentrate on experimentation and metrics (A/B design, hand p-values, D7 retention SQL), RAG/recommender evaluation, and product-impact analyses. ML Engineer questions focus on production model design, LLM/agent concepts, reliability (cold start, training stability, online vs offline gaps), and large-scale detection pipelines. PM interviews stress customer-obsessed stories, ambiguity, Alexa product launches, and domain-specific data pipelines. Prepare with timed coding practice, end-to-end experiment writeups, STAR stories framed to Leadership Principles, and mock system-design sessions.
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Append country tables and rank salaries in USD
You have separate country-level employee tables that must be appended and ranked by salary converted to USD using an exchange rate table. SQL schema a...
Compute array modes with ties and no-mode rule
Write a function that returns the mode(s) of an integer array. Requirements: if all values are unique, return an empty list (there is no mode); allow ...
Choose regularization norms and model formulations
Regularization and model choice. 1) For linear and logistic regression, write the objective functions with L0, L1, L2, and L-infinity penalties in bot...
Decide standardization, sparse numerics, correlated features
You are given a tabular dataset for supervised learning with features: F1 (counts, mostly small integers with many zeros), F2 (monetary amounts in dol...
Demonstrate calculated risk and deep-dive leadership
Describe one project where you took a calculated risk that was outside your formal responsibilities. Context: What was the business or research goal, ...
Demonstrate leadership under disagreement
Behavioral: Disagreeing on a Launch Under Deadline (Data Scientist) You are a Data Scientist interviewing onsite for a behavioral and leadership round...
Demonstrate leadership under strict rules
Behavioral — STAR: Operating Under a Non‑Negotiable Policy Context: Onsite behavioral & leadership interview for a Data Scientist. Describe a specific...
Write and explain gradient descent pseudocode
Task: Batch Gradient Descent for Linear Regression (with Intercept) You are interviewing for a Data Scientist role and are asked to implement batch gr...
Quantify improvement and compute required sample size
A/B Test on Spam Rate: Sample Size, Inference, and Practical Pitfalls Context: You are evaluating a new classifier that aims to reduce the spam rate (...
Compute daily work hours from in/out events
Given punch events, compute each employee’s daily hours, handling unmatched events and overnight shifts. Write SQL over: events(employee_id INT, evt_t...
Build a package-allocation model for couriers
Automatic Package-to-Courier Assignment with ML + Optimization You previously assigned packages to couriers manually. Design an end-to-end system that...
Compare Random Forests vs Gradient Boosting rigorously
Technical ML Choice: Random Forest vs. Gradient-Boosted Trees for Large-Scale Binary Classification Problem Setup You need to choose between a Random ...
Design causal study for reminder impact
Observational Causal Study: Reminder Program With Staggered Market × Channel Launch Context You are evaluating the causal impact of medication-subscri...
Describe missed deadline and scope expansion
Behavioral Question: Accountability and Ownership for a Data Scientist You will be asked for two concrete, distinct examples: - (a) One time you misse...
Test whether two user populations differ
Problem You are given two groups of users: - Group A: North America users - Group B: Europe users Each user has a vector of continuous features (e.g.,...
Find Most Frequent Values
Given an integer array nums and an integer k, return the k distinct values that occur most frequently in nums. The result may be returned in any order...
Design a hierarchical locking tree
Design a LockingHierarchy data structure over a rooted tree of N nodes labeled 0..N-1, initialized with an integer array parent[] where parent[0] = -1...
Design VPC, IP plan, management, storage, SSO
System Design: Multi‑Layer VPC, IP Planning for 2,000 Servers, Fleet Management, Shared Storage, and SSO Context Design a production‑grade, multi‑AZ n...
Compare float types and design ablation
Floating-point types and ablation study design You are training deep neural networks on modern accelerators that support multiple floating-point forma...
Contrast CNNs and fully connected networks
Compare convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with fully connected (dense) networks. Explain: - The structural differences between convolutional layers...