Design a deck of cards with shuffle/draw

Q: Design a deck of cards with shuffle/draw

This question evaluates object-oriented design skills, understanding of randomness and probability in algorithms, and analysis of time/space complexity for data structures and operations.

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Question

Object-Oriented Design + Randomness

Design an in-memory model of a standard 52-card deck.

Requirements

Create classes to represent at least:
- Card (rank and suit)
- Deck (a collection of cards)
The Deck must support:
1. shuffle() — randomizes the order of the remaining cards.
2. draw() — removes and returns one card from the deck.

Correctness / Probability Constraints

After calling shuffle() , every permutation of the remaining cards should be equally likely (i.e., an unbiased shuffle).
Each draw() should return each remaining card with equal probability at that moment.

Additional Considerations

Define what should happen when draw() is called on an empty deck.
Discuss time/space complexity targets for shuffle() and draw() .
You may assume a good PRNG is available (e.g., Random ).

Design a deck of cards with shuffle/draw

Quick Overview

Object-Oriented Design + Randomness

Requirements

Correctness / Probability Constraints

Additional Considerations

Solution

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